The hydrogel is made from chitosan—a material derived from fungi or crustaceans—combined with ferulic acid (found in grains like corn and wheat) and succinic acid. This composition enables the formation of a three-dimensional network that facilitates the transport of living cells.

However, the crucial ingredient is genipin, a substance extracted from gardenias. It is responsible for the gel transitioning from a liquid to a solid state upon reaching body temperature (37°C). Consequently, when applied to the nose, the hydrogel solidifies and retains the cells, allowing them to reach the brain.
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